Hegel's philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hegel's philosophy - Essay Example Hegel’s philosophy explains about the appearances, images and illusions throughout the history of human consciousness. He have had tried to search for the eternal consciousness of the mankind .According to Hegel Geist is a post dead presence of soul. Hegel’s philosophy explains right from the human response to consciousness to attaining great knowledge of the un-consciousness pertaining in the world The Geist were said to make noise. They were described as the alien bodies which make their presence felt by their virtual movements and moving the physical things with out any sense of touch. The Geist is believed to be the Holy Spirit. Geist is said to lead the holy personalities to empower the eternal world and lead them to the father the mankind. Geist is not considered to be God but the follower and preacher of the ultimate. The Geist is the virtual essence of the ultimate which unifies the thought of community. The worldly knowledge when enhanced enables a sprit to dis tinguish between the good and the bad existing. This conscience leads to control the thought and moves the spirit towards the right path of implementation. God sets the stage with the rules but the individual has to grasp the essence and has to cross the stages to be at the stage where he himself can judge the will.According to Hegel the self was nothing until the mind was able to relate the self to its concept of 'Self'. Hegel believed that the individual, by interacting with other individuals, other objects in the external environment, as well as other ideas in the world of the spirit, could empower himself. According to Hegel self empowerment could only be achieved through interaction with other individuals, other objects, and other ideas. Institutions like the family; civil society, education etc. were absolutely essential means to attain freedom of the individual. Hegel believes that the material things which are visible are inexistent. The object which evolved has to face the cycle of extinction. As the time evolves an object created is an object going to be in past in future. The existence is not immortal. Every stage a human being crosses has a lesson to learn. Organisism: According to Hegel an object has to been seen as whole entity but not as individual sections. He emphasizes that every part has an equal contribution to overall growth of the object. If one section is diluted then it reflects on the other sections of the same objects. So, the working of each section is vital in building a strong system in an object. Human thoughts initially will be like an embryo which as time evolves develops into a strong physical structure by accumulating energy resources, mind also develops the expanse of visualizing the situation in-depth as it gains the knowledge to interpret the thought. According to the empowerment should occur inherently to sharpen the panoramic view of a thought developed in the mind. Historicism: The human thought and actions in various fields were bought from the historical implication rather than a spontaneous revolutionary idea. Thus Hegel signifies that the historical work done on an particular theme is a significant base for any new developments. The importance of the historical essence asserts on creating a clear idea of history to conceptualize any idea According to Hegel this system of looking back to the previous work enables us to pin-point at the fallouts of the previous and act upon the same to create a more meaning system. According to Hegel one must look at the individual in the society to know the value of the society. To understasnd the society of a region one must look at the history of the society.The persent senario existing in any society is due to the contemporary forces acting on it.Hegel considered human societies as the main sources of observation rather than the other external factors like the religion,race, culture etc.He discribes that modern philopher now a days don't isolate his presence but tries to be in the society to bring the

Treatment Of Psychological Disorders Essay Example for Free

Treatment Of Psychological Disorders Essay Psychotherapy is a process with which the patient and the therapist work together to help the patient deal with his/her psychological difficulties in a more positive way which in turn would lessen the difficulty of psychological problem (Morris Maisto, 2003). Not all people with psychological problems seek psychotherapy but those who do out of their own volition are more likely to be successful in therapy. However, there are psychological disorders that needs more than psychotherapy and often would require hospitalization, of which treatment would be more of helping the patient regain his/her ability to function normally without the need for primary care and hospitalization, although medication and psychotherapy has to be continued as a long-term treatment. Different methods of psychotherapy have been loosely categorized into insight therapies and behavioral therapies. Insight therapies is composed of several methods wit different perspectives on psychological difficulties but share the same rationale that man would be more able to deal with his/her difficulties if he/she is more able to understand why he/she feels, thinks and behaves in such ways (Nairne, 2006). This group assumes that a person develops emotional, mental and relationship problems if he/she does not know and understand what motivate him/her in situations that are anxiety producing, conflicting and threatening. Specific approaches that belong to this group include psychoanalysis, gestalt therapy, person-centered and existential therapy. One may also argue that insight therapy is geared towards man’s need to be aware of his/her inner self, hence the so called insight to human motivation, emotion, desires, needs and thoughts. On the other hand, the behavioral therapies are made up of cognitive behavioral therapies, rational-emotive behavior therapy, and behavior therapy with the application of conditioning and modeling, and biofeedback. This other group at the opposite continuum from insight therapy says that a person can be able to deal with his/her difficulties if he/she is given the means with which to modify his/her behavior. Thus, therapy would be focused on teaching patients specific behaviors that would enable them to cope and deal with their psychological problems, this type of therapy are more concerned with treating symptoms than finding out the underlying cause of the problem. The difference between insight and behavioral therapy is that insight therapy is concerned with identifying and understanding the underlying cause of their problems while behavioral therapy contend that causes are not important but rather therapy should be concentrated on modifying behavior (Nairne, 2006). Like the nature and nurture debate, it has now been agreed that not one perspective can be accounted for the success of the therapy sessions, but rather some cases require that the underlying cause be unearthed while other cases can be resolved without the need for determining the cause of the problems. It can be assumed that the need for discovering the causes of the psychological problem lies in its usefulness to the therapeutic process.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The therapeutic process of whatever tradition or perspective always require that the therapist and client share a relationship characterized by trust, openness, honesty and the absence of bias and criticisms (Myers, 2004). It can be argued that within this form of relationship, the client is bound to share with his/her therapist his/her life story and inner most thoughts which would also lead to the therapists better understanding of the client’s predicaments and   issues. The need to find out the cause of problematic behavior depends on the clients honesty and the therapists personal philosophy, if for example a person who is suffering from clinical depression is in therapy using the psychoanalytic approach, then the objective would be to find out the previous experiences that would indicate the patients predisposition to depression and hence be able to identify the cause of the depression. To the psychoanalyst, it is always something in the past or in the childhood or traumatic events that cause the depression, a recent event may only be the trigger (Myers, 2004). To the behaviorist, therapy would be geared towards the change in behavior that would lessen the impact of depressive emotions and thoughts, like the patient is taught ways in which he/she could take off from depressing situations, to move away from the place or source of depression and to teach methods to eliminate the depression through coaching and goal setting (Myers, 2004). However, behaviorists have also discovered that merely changing the behavior is not enough to treat the patient or to effectively prevent the recurrence of depressive symptoms just because the patient knows how to express his/her emotions, thus the need for finding the cause of the depression. If the cause of depression is a recent divorce, then the therapist can use this information to guide the behavior modification strategies that he/she uses. Like specifically providing the patient with statistics and studies of how depression after a divorce is very common and how other people have come out of that depression. To the psychoanalyst, depression brought about by the divorce could come from a deeper personal traumatic experience like being left by a parent or having to lose someone tragically. Thus, the cause is actually the difficulty of the patient to respond to the sense of loss that one feels after a divorce. If the objective of the therapy was to remove the patient from a state of depression, then behavior therapy has no need for the underlying cause, but if the therapy is to enable the patient to recognize his/her emotional wounds and to be aware means that one is more able to positively deal with it, then the cause of the depression is very important. References Morris, C. Maisto, A. (2003). Understanding Psychology, 6th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Myers, D. (2004).   Psychology 7th ed.    New York: Worth Publishers. Nairne, J. (2006). Psychology: The Adaptive Mind. California: Wadsworth/Thompson. Discussion Topic 2: Client-centered therapy developed in the late 1940’s by Carl Rogers is based on the assumption that the individual is the best expert on himself or herself and that people are capable of working out solutions to their own problems (Corey, 2005). The task of the therapist is to facilitate this progress not to ask probing questions, to make interpretations or to suggest courses of actions. In fact, Rogers (1980) preferred the term facilitator to therapist and he called the people he worked with as clients not as patients because he did not view emotional difficulties as an indication of an illness to be cured. The therapist facilitates the client’s progress towards self-insight by restating to the client what the therapist hears the client saying about his needs and emotions in order to help the client clarify his/her feelings. Rogers believed that the most important qualities for a therapist are empathy, warmth and genuineness. Empathy refers to the ability to understand the feelings the client is trying to express and the ability to communicate this understanding to the client. The therapist must adopt the client’s frame of reference and must strive to see the problems as the client sees them. By warmth, Rogers (1980) meant a deep acceptance of the individual as he or she is, including the conviction that this person has the capacity to deal constructively with his/her problems. A therapist who is genuine is open and honest and does not play a role or operate behind a professional faà §ade (Sue Sue, 2003). People are reluctant to reveal themselves to those they perceive as phony. Rogers believed that a therapist who possesses this attributes will facilitate the client’s growth and self-exploration. Rogers was the first to make tape recordings of therapy sessions and to permit them to be studied and analyzed. He and his colleagues have contributed much to the field of psychotherapy research. Client centered therapy has some limitations, like psychoanalysis it appears to be successful with individuals who are fairly verbal and who are motivated to discuss their problems. For people who do not voluntarily seek help or who are seriously disturbed and are unable to discuss their feelings more directive methods are usually necessary. In addition, by using the client’s self-reports as the only measure pf psychotherapeutic effectiveness, the client-centered therapist ignores behavior outside of the therapy session. Individuals who feel insecure and ineffective in their interpersonal relationships often need more structured help in modifying their behavior. Since Freud’s time, numerous forms of psychotherapy based on Freudian concepts have developed. They share in common the premise that mental disorders stem from unconscious conflicts and fears but they differ from classical psychoanalysis in a number of ways and are usually called psychoanalytic therapies (Corey, 2005). Ego analysts placed greater emphasis on the role of the rational, problem soling ego in directing behavior and correspondingly less emphasis on the role of the unconscious sexual and aggressive drives. They sought to strengthen the functions of the ego in particular self-esteem and feelings of competency so that the individual could deal more constructively with current anxieties and interpersonal relationships. Their general strategy was to give the client insight into how the past continues to influence the present and to develop the client’s awareness of what he/she can do in the present to correct the harmful effects of the past. The technique of psychoanalytic therapy is also different from the classical free association and dream analysis. The therapy sessions are usually briefer, more flexible and less intense (Sue Sue, 2003). Sessions are scheduled once a week, there is less emphasis on the complete reconstruction of childhood experiences and more attention to problems arising from the way the individual is currently interacting with others. Free association is often replaced with a direct discussion of critical issues and the psychoanalytic therapist may be more direct, raising pertinent topics when it seems appropriate rather than waiting for the client to bring them up. While transference is still considered an important part of the therapeutic process, the therapist may limit the intensity of the transference feelings. Still central however is the psychoanalytic therapist’s conviction that unconscious motives and fears are at the core of the most emotional problems and that insight and the working through process are essential to a cure. Almost everyone gets depressed at times. Most of us have periods when we feel sad, lethargic and not interested in any activities-even pleasurable ones. Depression is a normal response to many of life’s stresses. Among the situations that most often precipitate depression are failure at school, or at work, the loss of a loved one and the realization that illness or aging is depleting one’s resources. Depression is considered abnormal only when it is out of proportion to the event and continues past the point at which most people begin to recover. Although depression is characterized as a mood disorder, there are actually four sets of symptoms; there are emotional cognitive, motivational and physical symptoms (Myers, 2004). An individual need not have all of these symptoms to be diagnosed as depressed but the more symptoms the patient has or the more intense they are the more certain we can be that the individual is suffering from depression. Sadness and dejection are the most salient emotional symptoms in depression. The individual feels hopeless and unhappy, often has crying spells and may contemplate suicide. The cognitive symptoms consist primarily of negative thoughts; depressed individuals tend to have low self-esteem, feel inadequate and blame themselves for their failures. Motivation is at low ebb in depression, the depressed person tends to be passive and has difficulty initiating activities. The physical symptoms include changes in appetite, sleep disturbances, fatigue and loss of energy. The client-centered therapist in the treatment of depression would be limited to communicating to the client that he/she is accepted for whatever thoughts, emotions, lack of motivation and physical state he/she is at the moment as a person worthy to be heard and assured of unconditional positive regard. The client-centered therapist involves the client in a sharing of his/her thoughts without the prodding and the leading but through the use of paraphrasing. With this method, the client is able to recognize what are the emotional, mental, motivational and physical symptoms he/she is experiencing. This would enable the client to become aware and recognize that his/her emotional reactions may be too intense, his/her self-esteem may be too low for his/her good, and that his/her body may be suffering from his/her own slavery to depression. The sessions would be geared towards the client’s discovery of his/her symptoms and in the process also realize how futile his/her actions are and that the therapist’s empathy, warmth and genuiness tells the client that here is someone who will accept me for what I am and that he/she should strive to come out of depression because someone do sincerely care for them. This example is what Roger’s believed to be the facilitation of healing and self-awareness in the part of the client. The psychoanalytic therapist interprets depression as a reaction to loss, whatever the nature of the loss maybe. The depressed person reacts to the loss intensely because it brings back all the fears of an earlier loss at childhood. Moreover, the reaction to loss is complicated by the person’s anger at the deserting person which comes out as self-blame and feelings of worthlessness. The psychoanalytic therapist also believes that the depressed person has very low self-esteem and self-worth. Thus, the therapist engages the client in a discussion of his/her current emotions, thoughts and internal conflicts. This can be done through the use of probing and leading questions which ask the client to describe or talk about his/her feelings at the moment. From then on, the therapist would observe and take note of the emotions and thoughts of the patient and have the client look back at his/her past experiences that had evoked the same feeling and thoughts he/she is having at present. The client is also asked to identify what triggered that emotion and then have the client realize that he/she is exhibiting behaviors that are similar to that of a depressed person. Sometimes people who are depressed do not admit that they are depressed, and this is where the therapist must focus on for it is necessary for the success of the therapy. When the previous experience has been identified, the therapist then proceeds to help the client accept what occurred in the past and that the client can now face the present with a deeper understanding of his/her own emotions. References Corey, G. (2005).   Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy 7th   ed.   California: Thomson Learning (Brooks/Cole). Myers, D. (2004).   Psychology 7th ed.    New York: Worth Publishers. Rogers, C. (1980). A Way of Being.   Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Sue, D. W. Sue, D. (2003). Counseling the culturally diverse: Theory and practice 4th ed. New York: Wiley.

Importance Of Acoustic Treatment Music Essay

Importance Of Acoustic Treatment Music Essay Sharp tools make good work. Chinese Proverb online To have a nice recording, we must choose a nice recording studio. To have a nice recording studio, acoustic treatment is the most important progress while building the studio. Why is acoustic treatment so important? Acoustic treatment will make the actual recorded sound better, it is just as important as the mixing process. The purpose of acoustic treatment is to improve the quality of sound in the room. Acoustics Treatment of the studio is very important than the used of the equipments for record the track on. Yet there are still many people who only allocate a small portion of their budget to acoustic treatments when building a recording studio or home studio. It is very important to choose the right type of room and after that we have to testing the acoustic in that room, make sure that everything like the soundproofing of the studio is good. Let say, we can listen to the tracks that recorded in the studio, if we can hear somethin g like reverb or echo on the track, or the sound is rather flat, this might mean that the acoustic of the studio were wrong. Insufficient insulation can result in the interference of external noises. People always think they can or able to overcome acoustics with equipments but you just cant. Russ Berger (Sound On Sound Article 2005 [online]), the president of acoustic and audiovisual consultancy firm, Russ Berger Design, told Carolin Heinz in an article for the website Electronic Musician. Beside that, there is another common mistake that people always make, according to Berger, is to confuse sound isolation with the acoustic performance in a room. Sound isolation is simply the process of stopping sound entering or leaving the room. It has no bearing on how sound is absorbed and diffused in the room itself, which are the key determinants of how a recorded track sounds when listened to. Every studio building needs to be acoustically treated as standard professional music or audio studio requirement for professional sound quality. So when building a recording studio, we have to pay much attention to this, this will avoid frustrations in the future. (B) Treatment Characteristics Acoustic Treatment is so important to the studio it is because we want to prevent standing waves in the room. When the standing wave occurs, it will affect the frequency response of the listening rooms and the recording studio. Beside that, by using the right acoustic treatment, we can absorb or diffuse the sound in the room to avoid the flutter echoes and improve the stereo imaging while the recording and keep the sound from leaking into or out from the room. Correct use of acoustic treatment could lower the reverb time in larger space or room or reduce modal ringing in the small room. Thus modelling the acoustics to cater for our needs. There are few problems that we have to consider while building a studio such as absorption, diffusion, reverberation and isolation. Sound absorption can be defined as when sound that strikes the materials doesnt reflect back. An open window is a very good example for poor absorption because the sound waves goes through the open window and never reflected back. The more fibrous materials have more absorption; oppositely the denser materials are less absorption. By using the absorption materials in the studio, it can minimize the reflections while the recording going and it can also prevent the standing waves and flutter echoes. With this control over acoustics, one can model a space to be optimum for a certain purpose. The LEDE (Live End Dead End) concept illustrates this. By using acoustic treatment we can deaden one half of the room whilst keeping the other half reflective. Absorption can become very useful when tuned to a specific frequency. In general, low frequencies are very difficult to absorb because of their long wavelength, on the contrary, high frequencies are easily absorbed by less complicated structures, The reduction of high frequencies in a critical musical environment is essential for the reduction of flutter echoes. Products like bass traps are absorbing devices specifically designed to absorb the low frequency energy. The good bass trap is the combination of the hard, soft, thin materials. By the way, the back of the trap and the gap between the walls can make it even more effective. Reverberation time will be affected by the absorption. The lower the reverberation time, it is mean there is more absorption. By adding the porous absorber is the easiest way to make the good absorption. Beside that, placing the acoustical foam on those reflective surfaces until the reverberation time is suitably reduced. On the other hand, by removing the absorbing materials will lengthens the reverberation time. Diffusor can be used to reduce reverb or echoes that will be occur in a room that has parallel walls and the flat ceiling. Through the research and books that I have read, all the professional studio designers they agree that periodic reflections caused by parallel walls are best avoided. So, diffusion is always used into absorption to tame these kinds of reflections because diffusion is handful of sound energy using multi-faceted surfaces. Diffusers are commonly made of wood, plastic, or even polystyrene. Jorge Castro (2004, online) explains: diffusion helps in energy control and improves the sound quality in frequencies throughout the middle and high range of the spectrum, and also improves sweet-spot should be sitting to get the best stereo image (imagine that your head and the two speakers form an equilateral triangle). Insulation is the process of blocking sound from leaking out from the room and is also to soundproof the room from external vibrations or sound. The good noise controls room can retain the sound within the listening area. Isolation is a very critical question, but the most important is still about the room treatment. Even you will feel something going wrong while you are in the quiet room if its acoustic treatments are wrong. And what can you do for the isolation if your studio is going to build nearby the highway, or beside the train track? Only two things can be done to insulate a space: increasing mass or separation. We will see how we address by the use of correct materials. (C) Studio Design Now that we have looked at what problems might occur in a room and how to address them, we shall see how they apply to a professional studio. Room mode or natural resonant frequency, which is related to the length, width and height of the room, is one of the most important properties in the studio design and it determines its natural resonances. (Ethan Winer, 2008[online]) Let say the rectangular room has 3 sets of primary modes, which are length, width and height. So, if you have got a irregular room shape or irregular angled walls, then you have to average the dimensions and get the rough idea of the mode frequency. As a rule of thumb one could say: the larger the rooms the better the acoustics. This is one of the examples of the recording studios design, materials of used and its construction details. (i) Studio Layout (Siavash Irani, pers. Comm., 11 December 2010) (ii) Construction Details Dry Walls is a Simple single stud design sufficient for wall because the dry walls are doubled, one on the existing outer wall and one as inner wall. We make the double walls to minimize structural linking. Studs spacing is 24, on center instead of the usual 16 spacing, this yields a slight increase in TL (transmission lost). The walls are angled but room shape symmetrical to provide even dispersion and prevent flutter echo. Diameter approx 5 to 6. Total estimated wall area: Total wall perimeter x Average Ceiling height 239.5 ft * 12.125 ft = 2903.9 2903.9 * 2 = 5807.9sq ft. (http://www.ethanwiner.com/BTPlans.gif) (http://www.ethanwiner.com/BTParts.html) Ceiling angled upwards at 12 degrees from the front to the middle of both rooms and then backs down at 12-degrees.10 ft (3.05m) min height for optimal drum sound recording. The diameter approx 10. Total estimated ceiling area: 289 + 305.15 + 238 + 295.87 = 1128.02 sq ft. Diameter of floor is approx 10 Total estimated floor area: 280.7 + 296 + 231 + 287 = 1094.7 sq ft. Acoustic Timber Door ¼Ã…’STC 30-35 each leaf. It has a same construction as walls using timber and narrower studs. The dense yet lightweight mineral fiber for more STC and it including gaskets to seal sound, hinges, knobs Total: 6 doors with dimensions of approx 6.5 x 2.7 x 3 Acoustic Window Double Glazed The space between glass panels sealed. Use two different thicknesses of glass to prevent resonant frequencies and sealed enclosure up to STC 47. The distance between the paresis about 150mm. Total: 2 double-glazed acoustic windows with 6 x 2.5 panes The use of sound lock can reduce -3 dB. As sound insulation by air volume and air sealed by door gaskets. Air-conditioner Duct Damping About the noise-reducing enclosure of air-conditioning by using plywood baffle and installed into the opening of the air-con duct with simple plywood baffle held together with strong and moisture resistant adhesive. The plywood maze slows down the airflow or the air-con, thus reducing noise. The absorbent foam lined/covered on plywood baffle to absorb airflow noise as well as noise from generator. Its 4 ft in length. Example Example of a self-made duct baffle (D) Materials With good and correct materials in building a studio, it can help you to record and mix your music correctly. A good room, good acoustics can defined as we can get the sound from the speakers in the room and listen through your ears as unchanged as possible. (Ethan Winer, 2008 [online]) A good studio should have a very good isolation but still as neutral as possible for you to hear the details such as stereo positioning properly. So, the music we have mixed and equalized can sound good and has the good opportunity of sounding good in other rooms as well. Controlling the sound in a room is achieved by selective acoustic treatments. Materials are the source out for the best acoustic characteristics in terms of isolation and diffusion, but since there are many ways and different materials to do this, we try not to go overboard with specialized materials as they can break the budget. Instead to use effective construction methods with typical materials, and whatever that works fine as well as cost-effectiveness. (i) Acoustic Foam The most important aspect of any studio or home theater probably is the using of acoustic foam. Even the listening room, it can also make or break a project studio. It doesnt matter how much money you will spend on the recording and monitoring equipments. If the room itself doesnt has a good acoustic treatment, the result of the recording will never as good as it could be. When the sound is traveling in the room it will reflect from different surfaces. So, this is meaning the acoustic problem will be occurring. These can be the reflections, flutter echo, reverberation, standing waves and modal problems. When all of these frequencies started bouncing around, the sound waves can change because they are clashing into each other. This will absolutely affects the last result for the negative. That is meaning you will start to off with one sound and end up with another sound while in the recordings. When there are two parallel walls, or two parallel ceiling and the floor, it will create standing wave. So the distance between the walls, ceiling or the floor will reinforce some of the frequencies. This mean the sound will makes exactly one round trip in each cycle of the speaker and the pressure fronts pile up. So, this is why people like to sing in the bathroom while taking the shower because the low frequency of the voice are greatly amplified by the standing waves and it will sounds nice. The installing of the acoustic foam can improved the response of the room and the sound of the room can be under control. The use of the acoustic treatment is the only way that can tell you the accurate while you are doing your recording, mixing, editing, or monitoring as well as not to affected by the room you are in. Whatever you want your room to stay live or dead, good acoustic treatment is the only way to help you to tame the beast that in your room and keep everything under the control. So, you have the ability to record and monitor your stuff accurately. Product like The ProCornerà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ is an effective way to increase low frequency absorption (minimizing low frequency room modes and speaker boundary interference distortion) by increasing acoustical foam thickness in the corner, while visually extending and seamlessly integrating with the Profoamà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ wall design. RPG ® Diffuser Systems Studio in a Box Diffuser and Absorber: FIGURE 1: Diffusor System Additional panels may be layered to any thickness offering unlimited absorption. The using of ProFoam because its absorption and diffusion properties are sufficient for the studios surface, as its stackable, and for a uniformed look. (ii) Gypsum Board FIGURE 2: Gypsum board (http://www.bombayharbor.com/productImage/0578747001219286428/Gypsum_Board.jpg) Gypsum board is a typical material used for layering walls, holding insulation fibers, providing a certain amount of damping and as wall surface. It is also used for floors, doors and ceilings treatment. (iii) Plywood FIGURE 3: Plywood (http://www.stockporttimber.co.uk/st_cms/data/upimages/Plywood.jpg) Plywood to separate gypsum and studs and adhere with soundproofing mat. Chip wood (recording room floor) is an ordinary chip wood for flooring. It is act like a diffusor. (iv) Sound Blocker Membrane FIGURE 4: Sound Blocker Membrane (http://www.soundservice.co.uk/images/PRODUCTS_gallery/ACOUSTIC_MEMBRANE/1.jpg) Sound Blocker Membrane have excellent sound insulating qualities and it can be used as a sole sound barrier layer, or as part of a multilayer composite with other materials such as sound absorbing foam and carpet. It acts, as a thin, dense sound barrier layer in walls, ceilings or floors and its most effective when used as one component of a multi-layered construction scheme. It extremely effective at improving the sound and insulation properties of lightweight plasterboard partitions, floors and almost anything else. (v) Mineral Woll FIGURE 5: Mineral Woll (http://www.domesticsoundproofing.co.uk/soundproofing/amw_slabs1.jpg) Acoustic mineral woll is use for the reduction of airborne noise between flooring joist, suspended ceiling and in partition walls, it is a good sound absorbing infill. By using the acoustic mineral woll, it will has more efficient for the purpose of soundproofing than a lightweight thermal insulation, chemically and mom-flammable insert. By the way, this will not adversely affected by any substance. Beside that, it will not react with metal wall ties and wired plastic, masonry or brickwork. While using in a standard stud wall, it can increase the sound insulation performance by up to 150%. It normally will provide a reduction in the reverberant noise level up to 200% when fitted under the roof constructions. It will provides a reduction in air bone noise levels by up to 100% when it fitted in-between the ceiling or the floor joists. (vi) Resilient Bar FIGURE 6: Resilient Bar  ¼Ã‹â€ http://www.soundservice.co.uk/images/clip_image001.gif ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ° Resilient Bar is a thin metal channel, which is designed to substantially improve the sound insulation of the plasterboard ceilings and walls. It can easily isolate the plasterboard from the studworks, and it will contact directly to dissipate sound, which is normally being transfer through the frame. Because of the improvements in both impact and the airbone noise, so the sound will normally act well in excess of 300%. (vii) Gasket FIGURE 7: Gasket (http://www.customaudiodesigns.co.uk/seals/neoprene2.jpg) Gaskets/ Cushioning, self-adhesive EPDM / Neoprene blend expanded foam rubber sealing strip. This is ideal for exposed sealing, damping and cushioning. It age resistant and chemically neutral against the most commonly used lacquers and Plastics and resistant to most caustic chemicals, resistant against ozone, moisture and UV radiation. This is good for isolating and decoupling battens attached to walls and ceilings. (viii) Acoustic Caulk FIGURE 8: Acoustic Caulk (http://i.ehow.com/images/a06/0o/uo/acoustical-caulk_-800X800.jpg) Acoustic Caulk is use to maintain the STC (Sound Transmission Class) value of the system such as metal studs, gypsum board, wood, concrete and other types of building substrates. Because of its unique formulation such as non-hardening, non-migrating and non-drying, so it can apply to the joints, ceiling runners either metal and wood, cutout in gypsum board and other area where the sound rated assembly is required. By the way, it can also be applied on the heating and the air conditioning ducts or other utility equipment penetrating wall surfaces in order to increase the acoustical performance. E) Comparison between recording studio and home studio We can notice that why professional recording studio they spent so much time and money in order to get a good acoustics design but why there is still a lot of people they dont take this seriously and record in their house without doing any acoustic treatment? For an example, various devices are invented like microphone a transducer that changes one form of energy into another corresponding form of energy (David and Robert, 2005) to enhance the professionalism and the quality of recorded music, also a lot of techniques are established around that time as well, such as automatic double-tracking technique are invented by the Beatles which is the process where we copy a signal and make it sound like the singer or band member overdubbed the exact same thing over the original track (Audio Production Tips [online]). On the other hand, MIDI (Musical Instrument Interface), there is countless plug-ins, synthesizers, samples and loops available in the market, and all these elements have become the major elements of music production and major arrangement of popular music nowadays. So with this kind new popular culture, many people can produce their music or track in their house just only using their computer. Another example such as disk jockey, they have an expensive DJs sets so they gain more flexibility of their creating and producing music with only a laptop computer as such a convenience rise of a fact, they can make satisfaction, high quality music in a more efficient and cost-effective way by using samples, plug-ins, they can perform unlimited variation of sound, instrument, techniques that without any acoustic treatment needed. All of them are the invention of for the music production. But is it possible if a rap artist or vocalist they want to record a good quality track without any good environment? Let say if the rap artist or vocalist they record their song in their house by using a very expensive microphone and gear but without any acoustic treatment, in the result of the recording will be too much room noise on the track such as the ceiling fan in your room, outside traffic and etc, all of these will produce the low frequency rumble. So it will take you a lot of time and it is very hard for you to do the mixing. Equipment is useless if sound is recorded badly. This is why professional recording studio they will spend so much money on the acoustic treatment. Beside to give you the good environment to recording your music and track, and it also because you can get the good quality on your final production. But sometimes money will be a matter of fact it always comes to the first priority problem, investing less money on a home-base production but achieve quality results, you can also do it with cheaper acoustic treatment as well. Normally, the acoustic problems of home studio are reflections of high frequencies and mid-range from the hard surfaces. Second, peaks and troughs in the rooms low-end response caused by the rooms dimensions and the reflectivity of the walls at low frequencies. Both compromise the accuracy of what you believe you are hearing from your monitor speakers, and each has to be dealt with in different ways. (Paul White, Feb 2006 [online]) So, you can DIY your own acoustic treatment to avoid these problems. Absorption and Diffusion are always had to consider into the progress when DIY your own home studio. For the example, if you dont have enough money to afford the acoustic foam, you can use the existing furniture that you have got in your house like carpet, soft furnishing, curtains can as the sound absorbing materials. In the small room, triangle pieces of foams are designed to go in corners, this can reducing the room resonances. But is there is too much of absorbing materials in the small room, it will give you a very dead sound. By the way, for the sound diffusing materials, bookshelves can does this job if it does not places in the large block, so it can act as diffusor to break up the reflections. You can also use LEDE (Live End Dead End) for the home recording space when you placing your speaker in the dead end. Beside, you can use the same room to monitoring your mix after the recording. Every room is different, so it is important to listen to the result by using acoustic treatment. For the example, the dead end always can be tackled first, foam and bass trap are suggested to use if necessary. you can test if there any flutter echoes in the high frequencies with handclap. If you hear the boommie sound when you are talking, that is mean you need more absorbing materials. (F) Conclusion Overall, are acoustics really that important in recording music today? Even though the quality of the instruments, speakers, recording gear and amps are expensive, but without the good acoustic treatments, all the recording will be bad and it will take you even more time to get your track done. That is why we still need to pay a lot of attention to the space in which we use them. The acoustic treatment of recording studio is very tricky because of the construction materials used and the size of the studio. No matter how, acoustics are really important but the way we produce music has changed. The room is less important as an important of the production is now done digitally. But, there is still some recording like vocal recording you have to done in the environment with good acoustic treatment unless you prefer the low quality of recording. Acoustical treatment is not something that you can put your hands on and work with, such as a reverb unit. It is, however, the single most important aspect of any room bar none! Scott Wilson, Part-Time Musician

History of Belize :: Essays Papers

History of Belize Mayan civilization flourished in what is now called Belize between 300 and 600 AD, but had collapsed around 900 AD. By the time the Spanish arrived in the mid 16th century there were few Mayans left, and their buildings had already become ruins. Although the Spanish explorers laid claim over the area, the first permanent European settlement was established by shipwrecked English seamen in 1638. The English settlers’ raided Spanish ships while Spain retaliated with repeated attacks on the settlers, but in 1763 Spain granted the British settlements the right to begin logging. British administrators governed the area from 1786 which caused a rift between Spain and Britain. England won control over the land at the Battle of St. George’s Caye in 1798, and with the Treaty of Amiens of 1802, Spain recognized British sovereignty. British law began to uphold as of 1840 and the area was eventually declared a crown colony in 1862 known as British Honduras. The United Kingdom’s main interest in Belize was purely economic. In the mid 17th century the African Slave Trade was introduced as a source of labor for forestry which continued to be the main enterprise until it was eventually supplanted by sugar. Although slavery in the British colonies was abolished progressively between 1833 and 1838, many early immigrants came from the West Indies. The only way England was able to farm British Honduras was by shipping massive amounts of immigrants to the country in order to be part of the working class. England’s economic interests in British Honduras pushed for a large mixed immigrant population, which ended up allowing the area to become populated by many interracial children. Although there were few British settlers that stayed on the island, interracial mixing began to develop due to the large population of Africans that came over as slaves and with a few original Amerindian or Mayan inhabitants. People of wha t is now known as Belize can be referred to by different ethnicities known as; Mestizos (mix of Mayan and European descent) and Garifuna or ‘Black Caribs’ (mix of Amerindian and African blood), and Creole (mixture of white and black), but the most predominant race that remains since the 17th century up till today are Black.

Alchemy vs Chemistry Essay

Some people think that chemistry is just about mixing things up and experimenting in test tubes and explosions. Actually chemistry studies everything around us and how they change, for example it tells what your body is made out of. We study chemistry in biology, geology, engineering, and even physics. Chemistry is the science of matter, and how it changes and its chemical reactions, it’s also called as the central science ( the main one) because it connects physics with other sciences. Chemistry is important because it explains the world around you, it explains how food changes when you cook it and how it rots. Chemical reactions occur when you breathe, eat, or even setting down watching the T.V. Chemistry was discovered by a Greek man called Leucippus in the fifth century BC. He came up with the idea that the world was made up of atoms or voids. His student Democritus further refined this idea of the atom and improver the theory so it can make more sense. On the other hand m any people did not believe in chemistry and Democritus’ theory. Alchemy, it’s a form of chemistry that was studied in the middle ages, which was concentrating about trying to change a normal metal into gold. It’s the power to change or create things in a way which seems mysterious and magical. It also involves the discovery of panacea, and the proportions of the elixir of immortality and living forever. Aristotle was another Greek philosopher who had a completely different theory than the one with the atoms. He though that all matters are made up of four elements and they are: Air, Fire, Water and Earth. By physically manipulating the proportions of the elements, matter can be changed from one to another. This idea was known as transmutation, and the main goal of it is to transfer ordinary metal into gold. Aristotle did not have a proof for his theory However, because he was trusted and respected this idea has been for 2000 years even though they were wrong, and still until now there are some people who believe in alchemy and alchemists still exist. Some people think that chemistry and alchemy are the same, but they are different in many ways. First of all, alchemy rely a lot on the spiritual connections to the four elements and they are fire, water, earth and air while chemistry is a lot more logical, factual and scientific based. Second of all, chemistry is considered as science, while alchemy is not. Third of all, chemistry is more famous than alchemy and it’s a part of our modern society and we are used to it. Finally, chemistry makes more sense than alchemy and it does not risk our lives looking for the elixir like alchemy. Chemistry and alchemy does not only have differen ces, they also have some similarities. First of all, they all began as alchemy in the seventeenth century in the medieval Europe. Second of all, the both involve the natural elements which are now arranged on a periodic table. Third of all, they were both considered as science back then because people didn’t know who is right and who is wrong so they used them both as science. Finally, back in time the churches were against both of them because they thought that they used magic and proportions which what they are totally against.

World War II Essays - World War II, Military Strategy, Free Essays

World War II Essays - World War II, Military Strategy, Free Essays World War II In the early morning hours of September 1, 1939, the German armies marched into Poland. On September 3 the British and French surprised Hitler by declaring war on Germany, but they had no plans for rendering active assistance to the Poles. The Battle of Britain In the summer of 1940, Hitler dominated Europe from the North Cape to the Pyrenees. His one remaining active enemy?Britain, under a new prime minister, Winston Churchill?vowed to continue fighting. Whether it could was questionable. The British army had left most of its weapons on the beaches at Dunkirk. Stalin was in no mood to challenge Hitler. The U.S., shocked by the fall of France, began the first peacetime conscription in its history and greatly increased its military budget, but public opinion, although sympathetic to Britain, was against getting into the war. The Germans hoped to subdue the British by starving them out. In June 1940 they undertook the Battle of the Atlantic, using submarine warfare to cut the British overseas lifelines. The Germans now had submarine bases in Norway and France. At the outset the Germans had only 28 submarines, but more were being built?enough to keep Britain in danger until the spring of 1943 and to carry on the battle for months thereafter. Invasion was the expeditious way to finish off Britain, but that meant crossing the English Channel; Hitler would not risk it unless the British air force could be neutralized first. As a result, the Battle of Britain was fought in the air, not on the beaches. In August 1940 the Germans launched daylight raids against ports and airfields and in September against inland cities. The objective was to draw out the British fighters and destroy them. The Germans failed to reckon with a new device, radar, which greatly increased the British fighters' effectiveness. Because their own losses were too high, the Germans had to switch to night bombing at the end of September. Between then and May 1941 they made 71 major raids on London and 56 on other cities, but the damage they wrought was too indiscriminate to be militarily decisive. On September 17, 1940, Hitler postponed the invasion indefinitely, thereby conceding defeat in the Battle of Britain. U.S. Aid to Britain The U.S. abandoned strict neutrality in the European war and approached a confrontation with Japan in Asia and the Pacific Ocean. U.S. and British conferences, begun in January 1941, determined a basic strategy for the event of a U.S. entry into the war, namely, that both would center their effort on Germany, leaving Japan, if need be, to be dealt with later. In March 1941 the U.S. Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act and appropriated an initial $7 billion to lend or lease weapons and other aid to any countries the president might designate. By this means the U.S. hoped to ensure victory over the Axis without involving its own troops. By late summer of 1941, however, the U.S. was in a state of undeclared war with Germany. In July, U.S. Marines were stationed in Iceland, which had been occupied by the British in May 1940, and thereafter the U.S. Navy took over the task of escorting convoys in the waters west of Iceland. In September President Franklin D. Roosevelt authorized ships on convoy duty to attack Axis war vessels. The German Invasion of the USSR The war's most massive encounter began on the morning of June 22, 1941, when slightly more than 3 million German troops invaded the USSR. Although German preparations had been visible for months and had been talked about openly among the diplomats in Moscow, the Soviet forces were taken by surprise. Stalin, his confidence in the country's military capability shaken by the Finnish war, had refused to allow any counteractivity for fear of provoking the Germans. Moreover, the Soviet military leadership had concluded that blitzkrieg, as it had been practiced in Poland and France, would not be possible on the scale of a Soviet-German war; both sides would therefore confine themselves for the first several weeks at least to sparring along the frontier. The Soviet army had 2.9 million troops on the western border and outnumbered the Germans by two to one in tanks and by two